• Excess LA intake is the primary driver of metabolic degradation — Your mitochondria generate approximately 90% of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), with the vast majority produced specifically at the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This makes the inner mitochondrial membrane the single most critical site of ROS generation in the body.

Since approximately 0.2% to 2% of oxygen consumed by mitochondria is converted to superoxide (the precursor to other ROS), and given that almost all free radicals originate from electron leakage at Complexes I and III of the electron transport chain, having oxidation-prone LA molecules embedded directly in this membrane represents a catastrophic design flaw when LA is consumed in excess.

• Mechanism of damage — When you ingest LA, it eventually embeds itself in the inner mitochondrial membrane. From there, it precipitates metabolic degradation products, particularly reactive aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). These aldehydes damage the electron transport chain, which is the most precious biological machinery in your entire body responsible for ATP production.

• Why this process is uniquely dangerous — Almost all free radicals are generated within the electron transport chain itself. Now, LA is a highly fragile, perishable molecule extremely susceptible to oxidation. Having it embedded in the place where free radicals are generated is like storing gasoline beside a spark generator. In other words, it’s the worst possible place for such an oxidation-prone molecule.

• The cascade of damage in your health — When 4-HNE and other reactive aldehydes are generated, important systems such as the electron transport chain, mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA, and important intracellular proteins and hormones are affected.

• I recommend keeping it below 2 to 3 grams per day — To help you monitor your intake, you can download my upcoming Mercola Health Coach app, which contains the Seed Oil Sleuth. This feature will help you calculate all the LA in your meals to a tenth of a gram.

• C15:0 helps clear LA from your body faster — LA has a half-life of about two years, so the damage stored in your system will take a long time to be purged. To help speed up this process, consider taking C15:0 fat, also known as pentadecanoic acid. It primarily comes from grass fed dairy, yet most people only consume 100 to 200 milligrams of it daily. The great thing about this approach is that it cuts LA clearance timeline in half.

For more information about this strategy, read “The Fast-Track Path to Clearing Vegetable Oils from Your Skin.” There, I go deep into the science of C15:0 and show you how to implement it into your lifestyle.

• Another tip is taking a beta-alanine supplement — In a previous article, I noted that it acts as a powerful antioxidant that helps neutralize oxidative damage caused by LA. It works by becoming a sacrificial target for ROS and advanced lipid peroxidation end products (ALEs) like 4-HNE. This spares DNA, mitochondria, and proteins from further harm.

• How your daily life shapes your mitochondria — Your mitochondria form “living networks” that respond to how you sleep, exercise, and manage stress. They constantly adjust their output based on what you put your body through each day. Because they react to your daily choices, your lifestyle directly shapes how well you create and use energy. And as I mentioned, excess LA intake is a major factor that cripples this energy network.

That said, Lin noted that you’re not stuck with the energy level you have now. Your habits influence how these networks behave, meaning that supporting your mitochondria through healthy lifestyle changes will help you improve how you feel, think, and even age. This is something I wholeheartedly agree with, too.

• A glimpse of the scale of energy flowing through you — Your mitochondria produce and recycle roughly your entire body weight in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) every single day.

In your brain, one cell alone uses billions of ATP molecules every second, like a tiny city lit up with millions of bulbs all switched on at once, and they do not just sit still. They move toward areas that need more energy and even fuse together to share resources, especially when you push your muscles or challenge your mind.

In your muscle cells, they form “power-generating networks” to keep your movement going, and during tough thinking tasks, your brain cells build similar networks to meet the higher demand.

• The entire power grid in your body is malleable, which has huge consequences for how you age — Your cellular energy system is like a city-wide power infrastructure, where both the quality of each plant and how well they link together matter. According to Lin, “mitochondrial function is not fixed,” and researchers now see that declining performance in these power plants shows up before many age-related diseases do.

Again, Lin stresses that this decline isn’t inevitable, and that specific lifestyle strategies will strengthen your cellular grid and even slow or reverse some aspects of cellular aging.

• Failing mitochondria impact brain health — Lin then goes into the topic of Alzheimer’s disease and offers a view that goes far beyond the typical focus on protein buildup in the brain. She explains that failing mitochondria can trigger this buildup. When your mitochondria falter, they not only struggle to make energy — they stop removing harmful proteins like amyloids and block communication lines between brain cells.

She describes your mitochondria as a “maintenance crew,” explaining that when they are healthy, it clears debris, protects the connections between neurons, and even supports the growth of new brain cells. When they weaken, the entire system becomes cluttered, slow, and unstable.

• How mitochondria function under Parkinson’s disease — Next, Lin explores the role of mitochondria in Parkinson’s disease. She highlights a gene called PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), which acts like an inspector that flags damaged mitochondria so they can be removed through mitophagy, a process she describes as “the eating of mitochondria.”

When PINK1 doesn’t work properly, damaged mitochondria pile up. This hits brain areas that steer movement, leading to the symptoms people recognize in Parkinson’s disease. Lin then connects mitochondrial stress to mood disorders, explaining that long-term psychological stress keeps your mitochondria running at maximum output.

Over time, this overload, also called mitochondrial allostatic load, wears the system down, lowering efficiency and causing problems to cascade through both your emotional and physical health.

• The brain responds positively when you care for its energy system — You’re not stuck with the mitochondrial health you have right now. Lin reveals that exercise boosts the creation of brand-new mitochondria in the brain, upgrading your internal power grid and improving your ability to think clearly under pressure.

She also noted that the bacteria in your gut send signals along the gut-brain axis that influence how your brain’s mitochondria function, showing how much your mental sharpness depends on habits outside your head as well.

•Sleep plays an important role — Your brain performs essential mitochondrial repairs during regular sleep cycles, and when those cycles break down, your energy system suffers. Disrupted sleep undermines mitochondrial repair, which is why poor sleep leaves you foggy, irritable, and less able to think clearly the next day.

Lin makes it clear that these everyday habits are more than healthy choices — they are tools for protecting your brain against fatigue, psychiatric conditions, and long-term diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

• Get regular exercise and vary your routine — Lin describes high-intensity interval training (HIIT) as a way to activate PGC-1α, which she calls your body’s “general contractor” for building new mitochondria. For example, sprint intervals boost mitochondrial content “about 2.3 times more” than standard HIIT programs, making them the most powerful option for building new energy factories quickly.

Traditional cardio, by contrast, upgrades the efficiency of the mitochondria you already have, while strength training increases the number of mitochondria inside each muscle fiber.

• Improvements depend heavily on how well you recover — Lin warns that “more isn’t necessarily always better,” especially if you struggle with fatigue conditions. Your mitochondria need time to recycle damaged parts through a process she compares to cleanup and reconstruction, and sleep plays a major role in this.

During quality sleep, proteins such as Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) act like inspectors that identify and remove damaged components, keeping your energy machinery running smoothly. She adds that you can improve this nightly repair system by sticking to consistent sleep-wake times and sleeping in a cool, dark room.

• Your eating schedule affects your energy production — Eating during the daytime (your natural active window) helps maintain strong mitochondrial rhythms. Even shorter periods of daytime-aligned eating help your cells switch between fuel types and stay resilient under stress.

Using herself as an example, Lin explains that she struggles with this problem while living in a “night-focused city,” making it clear that aligning eating habits with daylight hours is important for long-term energy stability.

• Heat activates special repair proteins — This helps your cells strengthen their energy production systems while also encouraging the formation of new mitochondria. Lin recommends 170 to 200 degrees Fahrenheit (F) for traditional sauna use when appropriate for your health.

While I agree with Lin regarding the benefits of using a sauna, I believe her recommended temperatures are on the extreme side. A good starting point for beginners is around 120 degrees F, three times per week. Personally, my body can handle temperatures up to 160 to 170 degrees F, and that level isn’t wise for beginners. If you’re just starting, keep it low and increase gradually.

For more information on how to safely use a sauna, read “Infrared Sauna After Training Speeds Recovery and Supports Athletic Performance.”

• Cold exposure creates a different type of adaptation — Lin noted that cold plunges, cold showers, and winter swimming can push your mitochondria to become better heat producers through a process called uncoupling.

This controlled form of stress teaches your energy system to work more efficiently under pressure and improves your ability to regulate temperature. She compares this to the natural cold exposure your ancestors experienced daily, making today’s deliberate cold practices a modern version of that challenge.

While the findings are sound, I generally don’t recommend this strategy. In a previous article, I noted that cold plunges activate stress hormones that may provide some temporary benefit, but I believe that it will lower your overall resilience. But if you’d still like to try it, listen to your body and have a buddy with you. If you start to feel weak, nauseated, or lightheaded, get out of the water and warm up immediately.

• A combined protocol that uses both heat and cold — If you think that the heat/cold strategy works for your case, you can follow Lin’s suggestion below, so you can make the most of it.

Begin with five to 20 minutes of heat, followed by one to three minutes of cold, starting small and adjusting as your body adapts. Lin gives an important warning — avoid cold exposure immediately after intense workouts if building muscle is your goal, because this temperature briefly reduces the signals your body needs for growth. However, if your goal is recovery, especially reducing inflammation, cold after exercise becomes helpful instead.

• Supplement recommendations — Lin touched on specific nutrients your mitochondria rely on for strength and repair. She noted that CoQ10 is “premium fuel,” alpha-lipoic acid as your “cleanup crew,” nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursors for ATP production, and omega-3 fatty acids as structural support for mitochondrial membranes.

Lin also highlights glycine, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), B vitamins, and newer options such as urolithin A and spermidine, which help maintain high-quality mitochondrial recycling and protein repair. Lastly, she emphasized that supplement choices are best personalized and not one-size-fits-all. If you’re considering taking any of these, consult with a health care expert first.

• The first phase the foundation, lasting four to six weeks — During this stage, your focus is on basic routines that stabilize your energy system. These include consistent sleep, exercise appropriate for your current fitness, and nutritious eating with enough vegetables, some omega-3, and protein.

Lin suggests that a gentle 12-hour daytime eating window is an optional starting point if it fits your health needs. The goal here is not advanced training but building stability first.

• The second phase, lasting two to three months, emphasizes refinement — Here, you begin moving workouts earlier in your day, adding supplements that match your health profile, and creating an ideal sleep environment — cooler temperatures, dark rooms, and supportive bedding.

This is also where sauna sessions and temperature-contrast therapy become helpful additions. You can keep a 12-hour eating window or narrow it to around eight daytime hours if it feels comfortable and realistic for your lifestyle.

• The third phase is advanced optimization, intended for people who already feel stable — Increase your exercise intensity, add more targeted supplements, and fine-tune the timing of your habits — exercise, meals, heat, cold, and sleep — so they work together. Lin encourages people in this phase to monitor their progress and adjust with help from clinicians trained in mitochondrial biomarkers, since this stage involves more detailed tweaking of your energy system.

• Special guidance for long COVID and chronic fatigue — Lin acknowledges that these conditions require a gentler approach. She recommends “mitochondrial zone training,” which uses heart rate monitoring to keep exercise at a low, steady intensity below your aerobic threshold.

If you’re affected by long COVID or have fatigue issues, Lin points out you can try her three-phase protocol, but progress is, ideally, extremely slow. Sleep becomes the top priority, and supplements are introduced cautiously. Eating windows are looser, and temperature fluctuations are gentle rather than extreme.

The most important takeaway here is that pushing too hard early “can lead to greater damage long-term,” so Lin encourages planning your regimen to match your current capacity, not your ideal one.